대명사의 종류와 쓰임

Pronoun 대명사 

- words that can replace nouns

 

- Ex)

• Emma laughted so hard, milk came out of her nose.
• Zach lifted the log. He found a worm under it.

Personal Pronouns 인칭대명사 

- 위치에 따라 주격 대명사와 목적격 대명사를 구분해야 함

• Subject: Does a thing
• Object: Has stuff done to it

- 위치에 따라 주격 대명사와 목적격 대명사를 구분해야 함

• Singular: one of a thing
• Plural: more than one of a thing

	First-person	Second-person	Third-person
Singular	I Me My Mine	You You Your Yours	She Her Her Hers He Him His His They Them Their Theirs It It Its Its
Plural	We Us Our Ours	You You Your Yours	They Them Their Theirs

 

*They : can refer to a sigle person or multiple people (it doen't specify a gender)

* It: only refers to inanimate objects

 

Possessive Pronouns 소유격대명사

- what things belong to which people

- Possession = having stuff

	Adjectives	Nouns
First-person	My	Mine
First-person	Our	Ours
Second-person	Your	Yours
Second-person	Her	Hers
Third-person	His	His
Third-person	Its	Its
Third-person	Their	Theirs

 

Reflexive Pronouns 재귀대명사

- When a subject and an object of the sentence are the same thing

- Object pronouns: the do-ees, not the do-ers

	1st-person	1st-person	2nd-person	2nd-person	2nd-person	3rd-person	3rd-person
Personal	me	us	you	it	her	him	them
Reflexive	myself	ourselves	yourself yourselves	itself	herself	himself	themselves

- ex)

Janelle made us breakfast.

→ Janelle made herself breakfast.

Roderick saw me in the mirror.

→ Roderick saw himself in the mirror

 

 

Emphatic pronouns 강조대명사

- Intensive / emphatic

- could take it right out of a sentence

• I'll do it myself
• I heard it myself
• The princess herself

 

Relative pronouns 관계대명사

- Link independent and dependent clauses together

- who, whom, whose, that, which

- People: who, whom, whose, that

- Things: whose, that, which

 

That vs. Which

- Distincion #1.That is bad with commas(,).

ex)

Non-restrictive Clause: The carrot, which was orange, was tasty.

→ commas(,) 안의 문장이 생략가능

Restrictive Clause: The carrot which was orange was tasty

→ commas(,) 안의 문장이 필수적

Non-restrictive Clause: The carrot, that was orange, was tasty. (X)

→ 문법적으로 어색

Restrictive Clause: The carrot that was orange was tasty

 

- Distincion #2. Which is bad with people.

ex)

The woman that boarded the plain

→ that can refer to anything

The woman which boarded the plain

→ 문법적으로 어색

→ which doesn't refer to people

 

Who vs. Whom?

- Who: subject, object

- Whom: object

ex)

• The spy who loved me
• The spy whom loved me (x)
• The spy whom I loved
• The spy who I loved

 

Indefinite Pronouns 부정대명사

- Undefined, uncertain

- any, anybody, each, everyone, nobody, everybody, somebody

- They can be used as subjects OR objects

• Do you want pizza? 
• Yes, please. I'd love some.
• Yes, please. Some would be great

- Both, neither and either retain the Dual

• Do you like mangoes or cherries more?
• I like both equally.

- Ususaly treated as singluar

• Nobady was home.
• Everybody knows that I love onions.
• Everyone is looking at me.
• Everyone was crouched behind furnitrue to suprise me. But I already knew they were there.

- Sometimes meaning rather than grammar governs agreemnet

 

singular they

- 고전 영어의 2인칭 경칭어 Thou / Thee와 2인칭 존칭어 Ye / You가 You로 통합됨.

- 성별이 특정되지 않은 가정상의 사람(hypothetical person)을 칭할 때,

generic He를 사용하던 관습이 singular They으로 변화

• When a journalist files a story, they should always make some their source check out.
• Anyone will tell you the truth if you ask them the right questions.
• Everybody has their failing, you know, and everybody has a right to do what they like with their own money.

 

 

 

• inanimate 무생물의
• camp 진영
• prescriptivist 규범문법주의자
• descriptivist 기술언어학자
• Bryan A. Garner
• Geoffrey K. Pullum
• way out 출구
• preposition 전치사
• instransitive 자동사의
• antecedent 선행사
• crouch 쭈구리다
• adhere 들러붙다
• dialect 방언
• generic 포괄적인
• hypothetical 가상적인, 가정상의